Smart Bata Is A Market Cap Weighted Index - 1621 Words

So, just because S P or MSCI has decided that it is going to be market cap weighted, or something like that, maybe we deem, whoever we are, deem that to be arbitrary and affective, and there is a better way to understand what the market is doing. In particular, this has given rise to all of these. SO, that is what smart bata is; smart bata is coming up with a better index. So, bata is market exposure, smart means that we don’t like the naà ¯ve index, or the market cap weighted index, we want to come up with a better way. So, despite the bad name and all of the bad marks that it gets, there is some rational underpinnings to all of this that does make sense to me. If you are forcing yourself to invest passively, then lest invest passively, even better. So, what people have been doing is investing in, or one methodology, with the advent of the notion, not just of quality as an investment attribute, but maybe there are a lot of other attributes that can be isolated. All of the things that we have talked about, quality, valuation, growth, volatility, and size. So, rather than me buy induces or ETF products, that have a combination of all of these, these, kind of an indiscriminate combination, I am actually going 9o buy discreet product. I am going to buy a quality index, I am going to buy a valuation index, I am going to buy one where these are isolated factor indices, or isolated factor silos, which again, we can build those things, and we do. I think, there is a massive

Iran Case Study - 805 Words

According to the President of Iran, Hassan Rouhani, if there is to be further imposition of sanctions by the U.S. government, he warns that their nuclear problem could be restarted at any time. This threat comes with the U.S. President Donald Trump’s stance on the ‘disastrous Iran nuclear deal’ and his belief that it is being violated. However other parties that are involved, like Germany and Britain, have disagreed, noting that Iran is not in violation. Just over a week later, Qatar had decided to restore full diplomatic relations with Iran on August 24th and send its ambassador to Tehran. It is a problematic move, as it is increasing the tensions in the regional dispute to isolate Doha by Arab Nations. This decision is only adding†¦show more content†¦With the Islamic Sunnis-Shiite divide and attempts by democratic advocates who actively try to challenge dictators, the region has fallen into a state of conflict. While, the United States might want to focus on Asia, it will most always have its concerns about Iran, where oil, its nuclear program, and most likely outcome to draw a nuclear arms race is one that the world is keeping an eye on. The Iran Deal signed by the former President Obama, has the intention of lifting sanctions with the goal to keep Iran from producing nuclear weapons. With regards to the nuclear issue, the Qatari’s close relationship with the Iranians is beginning to add fuel to the gulf issue as a resolution is not that easy to broker. With the focus being on nuclear weapons, one of the major problems that the world faces is the North Korean nuclear threat, where the Iran Deal has prevented the rise of another country in the nuclear race. With China opposing the nuclear program that the North is pursuing, it also wants to keep its proxy buffer between the itself and the U.S. (where South Korea is concerned). With such a situation, the deal that was made with Iran has proven to hold to its dev elopment and reasons for existence – it has kept the creation of nuclear weapons from Iran, and escalating the world into another field of the nuclear arena. With Iran making about $43.9 billion and $31.8 billion in bothShow MoreRelatedIran Case Study729 Words   |  3 PagesMoving on to my second point, I would like to discuss the nature of the sanctions implemented on Iran due to the nuclear issue more in detail so we can get a better realization of what the public civilians in Iran have gone through. It is worth mentioning that Iran has been facing sanctions with respect to the selling of any aircraft and any parts related to them and even the maintenance and inspection of airplanes since 1979. Regardless of the reasons behind it, for a moment let’s imagine how wouldRead MoreIran Case Study1133 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2015, Iran physically dismantled a good deal of its nuclear infrastructure , shipped out 98 percent of its enriched uranium , poured concrete in to the core of its only heavy reactor capacity to render it permanently inoperable and implemented rigorous transparency measures across its nuclear program. In Return, United states not only failed to implement fully its commitment through facilitating the Iran’s trade with the world but also it chose to get back the pre JCPOA atmosphere and preventRead MoreIran Case Study1200 Words   |  5 PagesIn July 2015, negotiations aimed at preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons and heading off a regional nuclear arms competition resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) between Iran and the P5+1 countries. The P5+1 countries include China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The JCPOA requires deep reductions in Iran’s existing uranium enrichment capacity and the redesign of its planned plutonium-production reactor, which together effectivelyRead MoreIran Case Study1101 Words   |  5 PagesIranian situation provides an answer. Much like North Korea, Iran had developed its nuclear technology for the purpose of security, however, â€Å"when it became clear that the nuclear program was making Iran less rather than more secure, [†¦] Tehran came to the negotiating table prepared to discuss halting some of its nuclear activities.† Therefore, the only real choice for a peaceful solution is to work towards finding a deal, much like the Iran deal. The idea of making such a deal with the North KoreansRead MoreIran Nuclear Deal Case Study746 Words   |  3 PagesThe Iran Nuclear Deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was formally adopted on October 18th, 2015 by Iran, Germany, and the UN Security Council-consisting of Britain, China, France, Russia, and the United States. It enabled Iran to peacefully pursue nuclear program so long as it did not weaponize the program and it removed American sanctions and European embargos. In recent weeks, President Donald Trump has made efforts to eliminate the agreement or at least severelyRead MoreCase Study Of The Iran Nuclear Program1603 Words   |  7 Pagesnuclear activities under the NPT do not provide timely enough detection to safeguard against military conversion by countries such as Iran. SOLUTION: The United States uses the Iran Deal and its attempted strengthening as the mechanism to modernize IAEA safeguards for all countries in order to save the NPT. BACKGROUND: The issues that have been encountered with the Iran nuclear program are symptoms of a larger problem when it comes to enrichment, reprocessing, bulk holding of nuclear fuel, and otherRead MoreOur Choice of Clothes Reflect Our Personality662 Words   |  3 Pagessupport your answer. ‘O Daughter of mine, beware of the revealing hijab that is spreading amongst the women these days and that characterized by †¦ wearing a niqab that covers what is ugly and shows what is beautiful (Al- ‘Umran 2001: 10-111). ‘In the case of sociological interest in clothing and fashion, we know that through clothing people communicate some things about their persons, and at the collective level this is results typically in locating them symbolically in some structured universe of statusRead MoreAnalysis Of Quran And Its Impact On The Treatment Of Women1563 Words   |  7 Pageson defining beliefs at all, but relatively, concentrate on implementation rituals correctly, with a general understanding that rituals are important. Practices, Contexts, Diversity: The particular contribution of ethnographic and social historical studies to knowledge of religion lies in the attention to interconnection among realms of social life which is surrounded by religion, economy, marriage, politics and so forward, thus to the ways that cultural ideas and social associations from activitiesRead MoreInfluence Of Risk Factors1538 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalence of diabetes in this study are similar to other studies (9, 10). With increasing age, after 45 years, prevalence of diabetes doubles, every 10 years (11). Our data indicate that more than 65% of cases of type 2 diabetes appear before the age of 50 years. Studies conducted in different countries show that the highest rate of diabetes, appear between 55 and 65 ,or after 60 years of age (12, 13). Therefore, with regard to results of current and similar studies, it can be inferred that age-of-onsetRead MoreStrange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century is a monograph written by Christian Caryl, a1200 Words   |  5 Pagesmonograph written by Christian Caryl, a contributing editor at Foreign Policy magazine and a senior fellow of the Center for International Studies at MIT, which attempts to theorize the emergence of using revolutionary twin forces-religion and markets in 1979 and their radical alteration of the international economy in the 21st century. Caryl’s study covers five case studies from the root of 1979 and how strange rebels served as counterrevolutionary protagonist leaders by using old ideas and making them

How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth Free Essays

Shakespear wrote the play ‘Macbeth’ in the 16th century and its set in the 11th century. The different themes explored in this play are Power, Fate, Destiny, Evil as well as the unnatural. The play is about Macbeth trying to gain power in ruthless ways because of the predictions the three witches made. We will write a custom essay sample on How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lady Macbeth plays an important role throughout the play too as a powerful elizabethan woman. In Act 2 Scene 2 Macbeth starts going insane due to the guilt and we see a change in his character right before this scene Macbeth’s killed the king and now is dying out of guilt. This is a very pivotal scene in the play as I believe this is the turning point of the play as after this scene more crime is commited too. The scene begins with Lady Macbeth talking. The audience understands that Lady Macbeth is waiting for her husband to return from commiting the crime. Lady Macbeth seems to be thrilled and agitated, telling herself that its all going to be okay. She feels courageous and fearless, the audience gets this idea as she keeps repeating her plan over and over and over again believeing in herself feeling â€Å"bold† claiming she has â€Å"fire†. Lady Macbeth comes out as a very strong Elizabethan woman who believes in her own power to manipulate and control Macbeth the way she likes it. She first says â€Å"that what hath made them drunk, hath made bold; What hath quench’d them, hath give me fire† this is her saying she is excited as she believes that her husband is about to achieve greatness and become the king, his plans have made her passionate about the death of Duncan or is she trying to convince herself that she is right to plan the murder? A Shakespearian audience would start to believe that she is a witch as in Shakespeare times they strongly believed in witches. Reason why Shakespear wrote this play was due to King James the first’s obsession with witchcraft. A Shakespearen audience would be very appalled as they would expect a woman in those times to be very obident and innocent. Shes meant to represent her husband however Lady Macbeth behaves much differently. This gives the impression that she is twisted as she sees murder as something so trivial and has no feeling of guilt whatsoever, to an extent of planning the death of the Duncan.. A king also in those times is said to be as a â€Å"messanger of God† therefore killing a God’s messanger would be something that could lead upto death penalty. A modern audience would not be as shocked as a Shakespearn audience as society has now changed and such behaviour is very expected in a woman too but some might disagree and act surprised as women are seen to be the more vulnerable, helpless ones in society and would never expect them to behave in this manner. Macbeth enters when the crime is commited. Lady Macbeth makes sure to greet him. Dramatic tension first starts when Lady Macbeth says ‘the owl scream and the crickets cry’. To a modern audience, this has no meaning but during Shakespearean times these noises were signs of someone who has died/death. Also, something evil and unatural. Short sentences are used to build up dramatic tension. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth use one worded answers and ask short questions. For example: ‘When? ’ ‘Now. ’ ‘As I descended? ’ ‘Ay. ’ This builds up tension as the reader might believe Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are scared so the conversation is short and snappy. If this scene was re-enacted the actor would read this in a hushed voice and a quiet tone as they wouldn’t want to get caught. The audience is aware that Macbeth has commited a sin. The audience would begin to feel cautious and tension builds up because what happens next is not predicatble, the audience is not sure if they would get caught or heard by someone. This is where things start to get a twist and this scene gets more interesting as we see a change in the characters. This is where Macbeth’s madness starts as well as his guilt and the fear that people will discover what has happened. The theme of guilt is then built up throughout this scene. Lady Macbeth seems to keep her sentences short in this part of the scene as she thinks that Macbeth is starting to go insane. She says things such as â€Å"Consider it not so deeply† she doesn’t want to confuse him furthur or wants him to feel any sense of guilt as this would blow her cover. Macbeth says â€Å"I had most need of blessing, and ‘Amen’ Stuck in my throat† He wont say a holy word as hes gone against all of The divine rights of Kings which means he has also gone against God. The audience understands his guilt and feels however they know he did wrong and also went against his religion therefore it’s understandable that Macbeth should suffer with his guilt. Religion is shown at this point. Lady Macbeth takes notice of Macbeth’s condition and tries to make sense to him For example ‘These deeds must not be thought, After these ways; so, it will make us mad’. She makes sure of herself and is assertive. The audience can see no signs of regret or guilt with her whatsoever. The theme of nature and guilt are constantly repeated throughout this scene. ‘Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep’ which suggests that people will be in fear that Macbeth is left loose. Sleep is nature’s way of healing a person and Macbeth can’t get any as he went against all the rules of nature – â€Å"Sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more†. Macbeth says ‘I heard a voice cry’. This suggests hes going insane as he begins to hear other voices in his head. The constant repetition of referal to nature and religion emphasizes his guilt and regret; He knows he did wrong and repeating it reminds him of that. Macbeth feels confused and helpless as his insanity gets difficult to deal with. Lady Macbeth starts to take notice of Macbeth’s madness and tries to take control of it. Themes of guilt and regret are still carried on. Lady Macbeth tries to inforce her words on him, For example ‘Infirm of purpose! As if shes telling him to accept the facts and move on. Lady Macbeth still shows no signs of guilt or regret. She is frustrated and almost shouting at him, forcing him into believing the way she does. Her tone of voice and use of language is harsh which attacks Macbeth’s pride and ego as a man. She mentally manipulates him into thinking her way. Lady Macbeth takes control and is motivated by the ne ed to not get caught and by the greed of power so then she can become the queen. The audience can once again see her manipulative side and feels sympathetic towards Macbeth. She tells Macbeth to hand her the daggers; she makes Macbeth feel useless and little as a person, directly attacking his pride as a man. Macbeth’s madness continues to get worse. Lady Macbeth says â€Å"My hands are of your colour; but I shame To wear a heart so white† She makes him feel that he done the same crime as her but shes perfectly fine but hes acting like a coward, she keeps attacking his pride so that she gets what she wants out of him. As during Shakespearean times, pride and honour meant a great deal of importance. Macbeth doesn’t show any of this now. Becoming the queen is the most important motivation for her currently. Shes driven by her need and greed for power. Use of language is used to build tension, Shakespeare uses a hyperbole to express Macbeth’s guilt and the theme of regret. For example ‘Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hands? ’ This tells me that Macbeth feels really guilty hes comparing what he did as big a deal as the whole ocean saying Macbeth would need an ocean so big for him to be forgiven or to wipe away the evidence of his crime and wash this crime, this blood off their hands. Also ‘The multitudinous seas in incarnadine, making the green one red’. This imagery of blood and red is repeated and exaggerated which then again links to guilt and the theme of blood. Short sentences and noise such as ‘Knocking’ is used repeatedly to build up tension, the fear that anyone will find out keeps them anxious. Dramatic tension is created throughout this scene by the use of language, short sentences, hyperboles, repetition and imagery. This scene is an important one in the play as this is where we see a change in the characters and theres a twist in the story. This creates suspense and makes it unpredictable so the audience wants to know what will happen next and keep them interested and wanting more. Hyperboles emphasize the crucial themes in this scene like how Macbeth needs the oceans to describe his guilt and regret. Repetition makes the action continuous and seem important as its being repeated a several times and short sentences speed up the pace of which the actions happen at and help build up tension. How to cite How Is Dramatic Tension Created in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth?, Papers

Securities Regulation Cases and Materials MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Securities Regulation for Cases and Materials. Answer: Introduction The two cases in this part embody the elements of agency relationship Management. Tina is the principal in both case and she has given authority to the agents Brand and Tom respectively to act on her behalf. Normally, agency relationship occurs where the principal authorises the agent to contract with third parties, and such contracts would bind the principal as if he or she was acting in person. The authority that empowers the agent to act is given by the principal either expressly or it can be one of necessity or ostensible authority. The issue in this case scenario can be framed thus; Is there an agency relationship between the parties? Did Brad have authority as an agent to order petrol from Caltex? When was the agency relationship terminated? Did Tina breach any obligation by refusing to accept petrol from Caltex? What remedies are available to the parties in this case? The law that governs this relationship is that of agency contracts. Agency contract normally arises and follows the main rules of contract such as capacity, offer, acceptance, intention and consideration. In certain circumstances, it may occur through the operation of law. The agent exercises power or authority delegated to him or her by the principal, which authority is used in contracts that bind the principal. The said authority can be express or implied, can arise by necessity or be ostensible. Express authority is that actual instructions given to the agent to contract on the principals behalf. For instance, in Watteau v Fenwick [1], a proprietor of a pub appointed the pubs manager to professionally carry out the duties of a manager. The proprietor gave stern instructions barring the manager from allowing the buying or selling of cigarettes in the pub at any time. The court had to determine a scenario where the manager was accused of buying cigarettes in total disregard of the proprietors instructions. The court established that the act of buying or selling cigarettes was within the range of the authority and power that could be exercised by the manager of a pub and therefore the proprietor was bound by that contract. Termination of an agency relationship can occur at any time when such termination period is not contained in the contract. The principal however has powers in agency relationship to terminate the contract without reference to the agent especially where the agents commits a fundamental breach of the terms of the relationship. Where an agency contract has been terminated but an agent contracts with third parties as if he was still an agent, the contracts would bind the principal due to the application of the principle of ostensible authority. Agents have duties under the agency contract. Their role is to enter into transactions that benefit the principal but not themselves or third parties. In Collen v Wright[2], the contract negotiated and entered into by an agent who had no authority was held not to bind the principal. The agent was personally liable to the third party. In applying the rules established in Watteau v Fenwick above, it can be said that the court would not infer that Brad had the authority to contract with Caltex. Though an agency contract had existed, the same was already terminated expressly when Tina informed Brad that business would resume as before. Additionally, the holding in Collen v Wright would be applied by the court to find that Brad is personally liable to Caltex for the price of the Petrol and to damages as to breach of contract. Ostensible authority cannot be pleaded by Brad as the termination was clearly stated to him in the same manner the earlier authority had been conferred. The parties were initially in an agency relationship. The same had however been terminated when Brad ordered for petrol from Caltex Management. At the time of placing the order, Brad was not an agent and therefore lacked the authority to present himself as so. Tina is therefore not bound or liable to pay for the price of the petrol or any damages. Caltex can sue Brad in his personally capacity but not as an agent. The issues that can be derived from this case is whether there is an agency contract between Tina and Paul and if so, what remedy is available to Tina in the circumstances. Where a person in a contract of services has special skill and knowledge acquired either through training or experience and the employer entrusts him or her with managerial roles, he is considered as an agent. Paul therefore became an agent through express appointment to be in charge of selling cars in the car park. Agents owe the principal certain duties in an agency relationship. An agent is in a fiduciary relationship with the principal and therefore he or she should act faithfully to the benefit of the principal. In Christie v Harcourt[3], the court was faced with a question whether the agent had a conflict of interest when he should a property belonging to the principal at a much lower value to his daughter. The court held that the agent put his interest first as opposed to that of the principal. Agents also owe their principals the duty to profit from the agency contract. The law prohibits the making of secret profits for the benefit of agents. This is considered as a case of dishonesty by the agent and a breach of the trust of the principal. Where it is established that an agent has drawn any benefit, be it monetary or otherwise from the agency contract, such profit being made was made unilaterally without the knowledge of the principal, such agent would be required to account for the profit and the principal has the right to claim that profit. Bentley v Craven [4] has discussed the matter conclusively.in this case, a sugar refinery factory had entrusted agents to negotiate on their behalf and obtain sugar at the lowest prices possible. However, the defendant after negotiations bought the sugar for his own use and later purported to sell the same to the sugar refinery at a profit. The court held that the agent breached the agency contract by wrongfully drawing a profit from the relationship. He had to forfeit the profit he envisaged in the transaction. The court would first ascertain the type of relationship that exists between Tina and Paul. It would find that the parties are in an agency relationship due to two factors; the special skill that Paul has on matters to do with sale of cars and the trust or appointment given to Paul by Tina in consideration of the special skill and knowledge. The court would proceed to determine whether Paul breached any agent duties when he bought the car himself and sold it to the neighbour at a profit. Relying on the facts and the finding of the court in Bentley v Craven, the court would find Paul to have made secret profit that is in breach of the agent duties. The court would direct Paul to forfeit the profit which is a right of the principal. Conclusion In conclusion therefore, there is a subsisting agency relationship between the two parties. The agency is a very special one since the agent is skilled in the area of business that Tina is involved in. however; the agent has breached the fundamental duty under an agency relationship that prohibits agents from drawing illegal profits from the relationship. He has breached the trust bestowed on him by the principal. He is therefore liable to account for the secret profit drawn; the profit which the principal is entitled to receive. The case revolves around the principles of the law of partnership. In the case, there are four parties desirous of starting a common business. They bring their resources in a pool and decide to run a business as partners and their relationship is governed by an agreement setting the authority including the extent and value of contract that a person can negotiate and sign. Simon has engaged in transactions that go contrary to the agreement between the parties. The first issue in this case is whether the agreement between the parties is a partnership and if so, whether the transactions of entered into between Simon and third parties breached the partnership agreement. The other issue is whether the partnership would be bound in the circumstances by the contracts negotiated between Simon and third parties and if so, what remedy is open to the other partners in the partnership regarding the transactions by Simon. Partnership law and the principles in agency relations are closely related. The partnership cannot act by itself and therefore enters into transactions through the individual partners as agents of the partnership business. The partners act behalf of the partnership and as such, should do so in the partnerships best interest. In Lang v James Morrison Company Limited[5], the court stated that at all material times, partners negotiate contracts for the partnership as well as for them and therefore, should do so with caution not to negotiate those that would injure either the partnership or the individual partners. A contract between a partner and a third party is binding on the partnership. Partners are therefore required to contract faithfully since the authority to bind the partnership is contained in the agreement between the parties. In Mercantile Credit Limited v Garrod[6], there were two individuals who were carrying on a garage business in common. They agreed that they would not involve themselves in the business of buying or selling of cars. The plaintiff brought an action against one of the individuals who had sold him a car with a defective title, prompting the plaintiff company to return the car to its rightful owner. The court found for the plaintiff, holding that in ordinary course and in the business of a garage, they are likely to engage in the act of selling cars. Both individuals were held liable since the third party had no knowledge of the agreement between the two partners not to sell or buy cars. He was an innocent purchaser for value without notice. The court further addr essed itself that where the transaction entered into does not ordinarily fall within the range of business, the party involved would be personally liable. The court would first address itself as to whether the arrangement between the individuals is one of partnership. There are four parties have an agreement setting out the nature and powers of the parties in the business. The court would easily make a finding that this is a partnership. On the issue whether Simon acted beyond and in breach of powers given by the agreement, the holding in Lang v James Morrison Company Limited would guide the court in concluding that Simon exceeded the powers conferred on him by the partnership deed. The court would consider the liability in the two transactions that Simon entered into. The principle and distinction that the court brought out in Mercantile Credit Limited v Garrod would guide the court. In relation to the first transaction, the third party had no knowledge of the lack of authority by Simon and since it falls within the ordinary scope of business of the partnership, they are bound. On the second transaction, Simon is personally liable because the freight business does not fall within the scope of the partnership business. In conclusion therefore, the four individuals are in a partnership business. They have drawn up a partnership deed to govern their relationship. Simon as a partner has entered into transactions that go contrary to the agreement and therefore he is in breach. The partnership would only bear responsibility on the first transaction of $12000. Simon would bear individual responsibility as regards the second transaction. Bibliography Gillies, P. (2004). Business Law. Sydney: Law Book Company. Atiyah, P. (2011). An introduction to the law of contract. Oxford: Clarendon Press Burton, G. (2001). Australian financial transactions law. Sydney: Butterworths Carter, J., (2012). Cases and materials on contract law in Australia. Chats wood, N.S.W: Lexis Nexis Butterworths Duncan, W. (2012). Joint ventures law in Australia. Annandale, N.S.W: Federation Press Graw, S. (2008). An introduction to the law of contract. Sydney: Law book Company English, L. M. (2006). Public private partnerships in Australia: An overview of their nature, purpose, incidence and oversight. UNSWLJ, 29, 250 Barnea, A., Haugen, R. A., Senbet, L. W. (1985). Agency problems and financial contracting. Prentice Hall Lan, L. L., Heracleous, L. (2010). Rethinking agency theory: The view from law. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 294-314. Fleming, G., Heaney, R., McCosker, R. (2005). Agency costs and ownership structure in Australia. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 13(1), 29-52. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations law in Australia. Federation Press La Porta, R., Lopez?de?Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. W. (2000). Agency problems and dividend policies around the world. The journal of finance, 55(1), 1-33 Lewis, J. M., Baeza, J. I., Alexander, D. (2008). Partnerships in primary care in Australia: Network structure, dynamics and sustainability. Social science medicine, 67(2), 280-291. Coffee Jr, J. C., Sale, H., Henderson, M. T. (2015). Securities regulation: Cases and materials. Hodge, G. A. (2004). The risky business of publicprivate partnerships. Australian journal of public administration, 63(4), 37-49 Bramwell, B., Lane, B. (Eds.) (2000). Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practice and sustainability (Vol. 2). Channel View Publications